Book Illustration / Fine Art / Graphic Design / Typography
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Legacy of the Incas movie poster by Josef Duchoň, 1967.
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b. 17th January 1929, Hostěradice (Prague-West), Czech Republic
Education:
1945 − 1949, State Graphic School, Prague (Richard Lander)
1949 − 1955, Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design, Prague (Karel Svolinský)
Art Groups:
Association of Czech Graphic Artists Hollar / Sdružení českých umělců grafiků Hollar (1957)
May 57 / Máj 57 (1964)
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Remember the day when we were unfolding our first large size movie poster. There was quite an excitement about the whole thing. Firstly it was about the size of a poster. All of our movie posters were in A3 size until then and we were astonished by the remarkable change in dimensions. Almost three times larger in size, movie poster offered much clearer detail and we had impression that printing was handled with slightly extra care. For common reason as we had later found out, A1 posters were bit more representative, they were used occasionally for poster exhibitions. Our second astonishment was the visual content.
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Black Panther movie poster by Josef Duchoň, 1966.
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Josef Duchoň’s lovingly puzzled collage for children’s adventurous movie set in the jungle (Black Mountain, 1972) was tenderly looking at us. What a joy! His movie posters have become one of our most favourite ever since. As we are describing the temperature, we could also mention, that we have very similar feelings towards Ever Alexander Půček‘s children’s posters.
Fascination of Josef Duchoň with children’s fantasy is in the right place and it was frequently reflected in his book illustrations. From 1959 he was co-working for the State publisher of children book as an illustrator. Early 1960s brought Josef Duchoň also to movie poster design. He created over two dozens of exceptionally impressive movie posters in period of almost 20 years[^1].
His work is extremely explosive, but not in a destructive way. On the other hand, Josef Duchoň is using the mixture of several artistic methods to reach viewer’s sensation. As a surreal artist his choice of collage technique is natural. Wonderful variation of live pastel colours achieved by the use of elegantly shaped and carefully placed woodcuts and his manipulation with objects is masterful. Thanks to monochrome cut outs and neat typography his movie posters are gaining quite significant depth and very vibrant character.
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The Birds the Bees and the Italians movie poster by Josef Duchoň, 1967.
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Josef Duchoň started exhibiting as a member of Association of Czech Graphic Artists Hollar in mid 1950s[^2]. (Important art group established in Prague, 1917.) Among 161[^3] Czech leading artists and graphic designers one can find other interesting poster artists such as Jiří Balcar, Adolf Born, Jan Kubíček, Jiří Šalamoun or Jaroslav Sůra to name few.
His first solo exhibition is dated to 1960. Liberal Czechoslovakia allowed Josef Duchoň to exhibit work also internationally. He took part in Biennale of Young Artists / Paris (France, 1963), Intergrafik / Berlin (Germany, 1965), Myth of the XXth Century / Coventry (UK, 1967) or in exhibition of Czech graphic artists in Oregon (USA, 1967). It seems that 1970s political changes stopped his exhibition activities for some time. There was no place for surreal, or any sort of abstraction in uniformed Czechoslovakia. However children’s publications were not censored, anything was possible in there and movie posters just very mildly[^4]. Josef Duchoň remained faithful to a fantasy.
Please see other fascinating posters designed by the artist.
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Resources:
Literature:
[^1]: Collective authors: Czech film posters of 20th century / The Moravian Gallery in Brno, Exlibris Prague, 2004. Josef Duchoň’s movie poster appears in year 1964 in their chronological catalogue. Our poster archive dates his movie poster activity up to 1981.
Online:
[^2]: abArt / Josef Duchoň / Big thanks to abArt for their research on invisible.
[^3]: cs.Wikipedia.org / Association of Czech Graphic Artists Hollar
Film posters in history. Poster story in few takes.
The 400 Blows / Francois Truffaut, movie poster by Josef Hvozdenský, 1959.
EXPO 58 – Brussels and travelling
It was not likely until 1958 EXPO show in Brussels when Czechoslovakia suddenly reappeared in the world wide art discussion. Overleaping thickness of Communist propaganda was overshadowing the cultural existence not only for another side of the Iron curtain. No wonder, as Stanislav Kolibal, one of the most refined Czech artist / sculptor recollects in his interview for Czech radio broadcast:
[quote]”Travelling before 1957 was just not happening.”[/quote]
It was not happening after that either, but things were a bit smoother and significantly moving towards lots of explorations.
The Eleventh Commandment movie poster by Unknown Artist, 1935.
If a Thousand Clarinets movie poster by Unknown Artist, 1964.
• typical early example of the “Noodle” shaped film poster, returning as an idea back in 60s without any further success.
Christian movie poster by Unknown Artist, 1970.
Africa II movie poster by František Přikryl, 1952.
• film posters following old poster traditions.
Action B movie poster by Unknown Artist, 1951.
Irene, go home! movie poster by Unknown Artist, 1956.
• 50s film posters came very rarely with the signature.
Early days of film posters.
Unhealthy political regime in Czechoslovakia had very strong impact on cultural distribution within the country. Country was perfectly sealed off. Presence of cold war was also effecting the possibilities of any official cultural exchange. Art making was going through all kinds of metamorphosis, but in reality it only had one face. That face was called Social Realism and it had very clear, strong and long lasting statement. Visual disillusion would chase one everywhere. And if a little flag was’t displayed on the window seal on the 1st of May, one would be chased by someone else, too. Simply put; politicians were using art for their own propaganda and there was no way around it. Or maybe there was?
Whence and Where to? movie poster by Unknown Artist, 1956.
The Bigamist movie poster by Unknown Artist, 1957.
Comedians movie poster by Vladimír Šmerda, 1959.
Berlin Romance movie poster by Unknown Artist, 1956.
Endstation Liebe movie poster by Unknown Poster Artist, 1959.
Puss in Boots movie poster by Unknown Poster Artist, 1958-68.
• fascinating starts from the “old school” representatives. Many artists were trying to cover the new medium. By the end of 50s poster still did not have that film look.
Film poster in Czechoslovakia was also going through many changes before it meets the doors of collectors and film festivals. All sorts of artists were trying out to fit the new medium, but it was not until early sixties when fresh new ideologies were presented in both films and similarly in film posters design. Poster designers had it very hard to make pleasing posters for bad propaganda or WWI-II films at the beginning. Significance of EXPO 58 and sudden interest of politicians in foreign currency from the fresh source[^1] turned a blind eye on art scene ever since. Censorship however remains necessity.
The Smallest Show on Earth movie poster by Adolf Born, 1960.
Virgin Soil Upturned movie poster by Adolf Born, 1960.
• Adolf Born is getting involved in poster making.
Memory of the Heart movie poster by Teodor Rotrekl, 1959.
First Spaceship on Venus movie poster by Teodor Rotrekl, 1960.
• another famous Czech sci-fi books illustrator Teodor Rotrekl designs several film posters.
Walking to Heaven movie poster by Vladislav Vraštil, 1960.
Night Guest movie poster by Václav Kasík, 1961.
Censors in form of critics were very much responsible for the public picture. That could never lack enough sympathy for the comrades from the Soviet union / countries of Warszaw pact and on the other hand it had to be critical enough towards anything coming out from the west.
In visual art weird symbols of the era were the most preferable. Motifs of smiling women standing behind the factory machine pretending they do enjoy the heavy work and at the same time they are equally helping in cultivating the nation. This and similar images, everyone possibly came across when they say Communism, were implied in every possible media and censors had to make sure there was enough of it visible.
Tale of an Old Tram movie poster by Miloslav Noll, 1961.
Man in Outer Space movie poster by Jan Kubíček, 1961.
Two Men from Another World movie poster by Jan Kubíček, 1962.
Satisfactory Marriage movie poster by Jan Kubíček, 1962.
• playful illustrations and collages of Jan Kubíček were accompanying Czechoslovak film poster all the way to seventies.
Hungry for Love movie poster by Unknown Artist, 1961.
On the Bowery movie poster by Jan Sechter, 1961.
• photograph stretches all across the poster.
Thankfully not all of the art disciplines were destined for an extinction. Illustration, animated films as well as film posters remained intact with only few slight obstacles.[^2] By the beginning of 1960s several renown artists, graphic designers and illustrators such as Bedřich Dlouhý, Miloš Reindl, Richard Fremund, Zdeněk Palcr, Karel Teissig, Jaroslav Fišer were shaping up the future visuals of film posters. When award winning poster and graphic designer Zdeněk Ziegler meets the official film posters committee for the first time, he remembers his feelings were strongly in favour of his critics.
[quote]”There were always two or three graphic designers among commissioners who would defend fellow colleague. It was Karel Vaca and Dobroslav Foll in my case.” [^3][/quote]
The 400 Blows / Francois Truffaut – Promotional film catalogueThe 400 Blows / Francois Truffaut, Catalogue view opposite side.
With increasing attendance at the international film festivals, film poster was also heading towards new directions. International success of movies created by Miloš Forman, Věra Chytilová, Jiří Menzel and other important directors of Czechoslovak New Wave, introduced Czechoslovak poster design to the foreign audience. Film posters designed in 1960s were created by some of the best poster designers of the era and we will be exploring them in more details in our next post.
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[^1]: Enough currency was floating in the country. Czechoslovakia was one of the greatest business partners with the death at the time. Military industry was among the most popular and export was doing just fine. / 150 000 Slov – former exile magazine, X/91/27, p.3-5, Morálka musí počkat (Morale must wait), Inge Santnerová.
[^2]: Vratislav Hlavatý for the Czech Radio Interview / 29.3.2013 (Several of his publications were banned throughout Communism).
[^3]: Zdeněk Ziegler for the Czech Radio Interview / 15.5.2013.
Additional research:
Literature:
Flashback / Czech and Slovak Film Posters 1959-1989, ed. Libor Gronský, Marek Perůtka, Michal Soukup, Olomouc Museum of Art, 2004.
Before God and Man movie poster by Rudolf Altrichter, 1968.
10th of June 1916, Vienna
8th of September 1978, Bratislava
Education:
1938, Business High School, Trenčín
University of Economy, Bratislava
Awards:
1966, Prize for the most beautiful poster of the year.
Film posters created: 32 (1959-1972)[^1]
***
It is fairly interesting when thinking of Rudolf Altrichter’s designs for film posters, that behind all this visual trickery is hidden self-taught artist. Originally trained as a sales man (worked also for Bata / shoemaker company) he became one of the most influential Slovak graphic artist. In his thirties he became one of the establishing members of newly reopen Slovak Art Society (1946) and year later co-founder of Association of Slovak Graphic Artists (1947).
Rudolf Altrichter’s film posters are full of visual harmony, unusually blended by pure abstraction and the hints of reality. Human element appears to be one of his strongest standing point, no matter if it is design for art exhibition, film or political poster. Visual harmony is also represented by the use of elegant thin lines and curvy almost psychedelic shapes. Absurdity of the war, another of his characteristic motifs, can be also seen on several of his film posters. Film poster designed for French drama Dangerous Love Affairs / Dangerous Liaisons (shown bellow, designed in 1969), belongs to the selection of the most significant acquisitions of the Poster and Graphic Design Collection of Slovak National Gallery.
***
Dangerous Love Affairs movie poster by Rudolf Altrichter, 1969.
Talking Caftan movie poster by Rudolf Altrichter, 1969.
Traces on the Sitno movie poster by Rudolf Altrichter, 1968.
What a Lovely War movie poster by Rudolf Altrichter, 1969.
The Upthrown Stone movie poster by Rudolf Altrichter, 1970.
Girl from the Mountains movie poster by Altrichter, 1972.
The Cremator movie poster by Antonín Dimitrov, 1968.
***
b. 27th February 1928, Mšecké Žehrovice/Rakovník, Czech Republic
d. 27th December 2014, Bobcaygeon, Canada
lived in Canadian exile from 1968
Education:
1945 – 1953, Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design in Prague (Antonín Strnadel)
Exhibitions:
until 1968 mostly Prague exhibitions
Toronto, Royal Canadian Academy of Arts (member), Canada, 1991
London / United Kingdom
***
In few of our recent articles we have discussed absurdity and inappropriate behaviour of Communist leaders. Terrifying act of those in power and their constant fight towards fictional enemy was very systematical. In country as small as Czechoslovakia it was not impossible to succeed.
***
Four in a Circle movie poster by Antonín Dimitrov, 1967.
***
Similarly to Jan Brychta, Antonín Dimitrov’s profile was simply deleted. Second successful attempt of leaving the country in 1968 took Antonín Dimitrov with his wife Olga to Canada. His first try when he and his soul mate swam across the river Danube to neighbouring Austria, just to get caught and handed in to Russian soldiers, cost him several years in prison and forced labor.
Before their disappearance, Antonín Dimitrov and his wife worked professionally as a set and costume designers in various theatres across the country. Antonín’s rebellious nature has been proved several times. Exclusion from the Art Academy for his incorrect political views (note: even the students had to be the members of Communist party. Same applied to parents, if there was a non member in the family, studying at higher education was impossible. Not talking of grand parents.) and his unsuccessful immigration right after that are only few examples of his misbehaviour.
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Sign of the Cancer movie poster by Antonín Dimitrov, 1967.
***
His collaboration with Czechoslovak New Wave directors, specially with Juraj Herz must have also spiced the soup up. Juraj Herz’s Cremator was the movie Communist could not swallow, similarly to other two titles in the showcase. In cases when the Communists decided to ban the movie everything would go off the shelf. Film director, author of the script / writer and the same destiny would meet the film poster.
Movie posters of Antonín Dimitrov are reflecting the times utterly. His posters are incredibly attractive, no matter if he touches the scissors or the paint brush. Excellent typographer and master of the blend, his virtues are sensibly hidden mostly in the collage. His posters are missing on one thing, there are only very few of them. He possibly did not design more than ten movie posters.
***
Masters of Congo Jungle movie poster by Antonín Dimitrov, 1967.
***
Even though Antonín Dimitrov luckily led succesful life in the exile. As a set designer he and his wife worked on numerous theatre and opera productions. He was also head of the design programme at the prestigious Indiana University School of Music in Bloomington, Indiana[^1] . But for Czechoslovak film poster his departure was a great loss. Many fascinating artists remained and learn how to overcome the situation, while building one of the most impressive poster archive in design history. It would be truly interesting to see what else could Antonín Dimitrov pull out of that hat.
***
The Limping Devil movie poster by Antonín Dimitrov, 1968.
[^1]: Obituary of Antonin Dimitrov, Hendren Funeral Homes, Norwood and Bobcaygeon, Ontario / it is sad when only biography on artist can be found in his obituary. Beautifully written, one should take a look.
***
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Poster art by Jaroslav Fišer for Věra Chytilová’s films.
We can hardly hide our excitement about BFI’s wonderful retrospective of one of the most innovative Czech filmmakers Věra Chytilová. It is also a very good opportunity to introduce the work of Jaroslav Fišer, prolific graphic designer and author of several posters for her films.
Jaroslav Fišer studied at the Technical University in Prague and at the Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design, Prague, former Czechoslovakia. During 1959 – 1987 Jaroslav Fišer designed 104 movie posters and his poster for film The Apple Game won a Silver Hugo at the International Film Festival in Chicago, USA.
BFI’s tribute to the director is organised in collaboration with Czech Centre, London and Czech National Film Archive and is on from 1st March – 17th March 2015.
Movie posters designed for Věra Chytilová’s films:
The Apple Game movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1976.
The Panel Story movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1979.
The Very Late Afternoon of a Faun movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1984.
The Jester and The Queen movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1987.
Selection of movie posters by Jaroslav Fišer:
Please don’t wake me up movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1962.
Adam’s Two Ribs movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1964.
Check Passed: No Mines movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1966.
The Third One movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1968.
A Flea in Her Ear movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1969.
Litle Big Man movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1973.
Poster art in the history. Story of the Czechoslovak film poster in few takes.
When the Cat Comes, directed by Vojtěch Jasný, 1963
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The ideas of cultural revolution of the Sixties were gently spreading across the Czechoslovakia. The death of Stalin resulted in major positive cultural and political changes. Revealing political crimes of the 1950s helped many to react. Cultural institutions were breathing in fresh air and for almost whole new decade possibilities were gradually becoming reality. Country was getting back in bloom and ready for the new era that would bring many significant names in literature, film and art in general.
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Northern Sea is Calling movie poster by Dora Nováková, 1961.
Léon Garros Is Looking for His Friend movie poster by Unknown Poster Artist, 1962.
The Death of Tarzan movie poster by Jiří Balcar, 1962.
Babette Goes to War movie poster by Vladimír Václav Paleček, 1962.
Fortress on the Rhine movie poster by Jaroslav Slovák, 1962.
Life Without a Guitar movie poster by Jaroslav Sůra, 1962.
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Film poster and its visual quality was always present, however “Brussels style” brought in some vitality to poster art. Bright pastel colours and curvy shapes were welcoming cinema enthusiasts on the way to see the films. There was a special platform dedicated to film posters with 6 posters always on display.[^1] Poster art gallery on the street, if one wants to think. Understanding of newly approaching contemporary cinema also made huge impact on the look of the future poster art. After all photography and film were both sharing so much, not to mention the film frame. Photography was drastically changing its status in poster art and was very often becoming part of the collages, or similar innovative techniques developed by new thinkers.
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Mamma Roma movie poster by Vladimír Tesař, 1963.
Roads movie poster by Václav Zeman, 1964.
Love at Twenty movie poster by Milena Kadlecová, 1963.
For Whom Havana Dances movie poster by Miloš Reindl, 1963.
To Sir, with Love movie poster by Karel Machálek, 1969.
The Exterminating Angel movie poster by Milan Grygar, 1963.
• Foreign films were filling up the cinemas, however the choice was very limited. Films criticising western society made by the controversial film directors were the most preferable.
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Film festivals, International reputation, Good bye Stalin!
Sixties brought in various alternative films from behind the Iron Curtain. Visually diverse films were screened in the cinemas across the country and have been admired by many. Culture was adopting new ways of expression and started to imply them further more in daily practise. Names such as Jean Luc-Godard, Luis Bunuel, Michelangelo Antonioni or Federico Fellini were resonating in freshly introduced film magazines, that were not lacking the visual quality of those printed in the West. Rich content was provided by healthy criticism, something unheard of in the past.
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Good looking magazines with great content appeared in 1960s.
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Appearance of the Czechoslovak films on International film festivals didn’t wait for long. In 1961 first Slovak film A Song About the Grey Pigeon / Stanislav Barabáš enters the Cannes Film Festival.[^2] Followed by the colourful award winning musical When the Cat Comes / Vojtěch Jasný (Cannes, 1963) and The Shop on Main Street / Ján Kadár and Elmar Klos (Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, 1965). Together with directors as Otakar Vávra or Evald Schorm they were paving up beautiful path for forthcoming generation.
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The Sun in a Net movie poster by Milan Paštéka, 1962.
Accused movie poster by Karel Vaca, 1963.
Audition movie poster by Jiří Jan Trnka, 1963.
Black Peter movie poster by Zdeněk Palcr, 1963.
Closely Watched Trains movie poster by František Zálešák, 1966.
Drums movie poster by Jaroslav Příbramský, 1964.
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Czechoslovak New Wave. Sun in the net.
[quote]”We had a feeling that literature is far ahead of the film, mean Slovak film, you know. That it is necessary to find the contact with writers and involve them in Slovak film production. Albert Marenčín”[^3][/quote]
Light was getting green also for the young film graduates at FAMU (Film faculty, Prague). Immense visual response to the current state of the country was phenomenal. In some cases maybe mere innocent poetic experiments, but the “real film” could not overlook the situation and reality seemed pure irony at the time. Great source of motivation was coming from the literature, many “lost authors” like Alfonz Bednár, Bohumil Hrabal, Jan Johanides, Milan Kundera, Dominik Tatarka and others were giving young film makers valuable hints. By the mid sixties Czechoslovak New Wave was already established. Young directors were influenced by everything worth of observation and wanted to add it to their art. Although the work of Czechoslovak New Wave was praised by international critics, at home with Communist power and their “relevant values” behind the back they were finding great difficulties. Majority of their films were banned right after the premiere and most of those films would not see the screening room until 1989. In many cases their activity was completely stopped, some of them emigrated (Miloš Forman, Jan Němec). Very similar destiny was following the poster art and its creators. Among few of many representatives of New Wave Cinema in Czechoslovakia belongs Věra Chytilová, Dušan Hanák, Elo Havetta, Juraj Herz, Juraj Jakubisko, Jaromil Jireš, Pavel Juráček, Jiří Menzel, Ivan Passer, Štefan Uher, Věra Vihanová, František Vláčil.
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Nobody Will Laugh movie poster by Jan Turnovský, 1965.
Crucial Years movie poster by Juraj Jakubisko, 1967.
The Cremator movie poster by Antonín Dimitrov, 1968.
The Valley of the Bees movie poster by Jiří Svoboda, 1968.
• Surreal nudity. Very few film posters involved images of naked body.
Witchhammer movie poster by Unknown Poster Artist, 1969.
Witchhammer movie poster by František Zálešák, 1969.
• Witchhammer / dir. Otakar Vávra. Different poster designs for the same film.
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No matter how miraculous they were, pretty much all of the above Czechoslovak films were banned in the late 1960s and onwards. Communists made the shame out of them and they would soon moved all of them to the special archive named “TREZOR” (Communist party safe-deposit box for disturbing material, in this case it was film deposit).
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Film poster and poster artists. Variety in poster art.
One of the main reason why Czechoslovak film poster art became so noticeable was the fact that the surrounding of poster making was made up of rich resource. The sixties has given away the opportunity to try out more courageous and innovative forms. Those were adopted by the groups of painters, sculptors, illustrators and graphic designers who used and mixed them in their own fashion. With strong individual approach rather than uniformed style or tendency, poster design became the playground for all. Extensive use of collage, illustration, photography or typography was applied. They all played important role in poster art and would often encounter on the same film poster. The playful and courageous approach was used by many significant poster designers such as Rudolf Altrichter, Zdeněk Chotěnovský, Zdeněk Kaplan, Zdeněk Palcr, Karel Teissig, Karel Vaca or Zdeněk Ziegler. Having been schooled as sculptors, painters, book illustrators, architects or sometimes self-taughts, poster designs were handled in all possible manners. From the dominating titles set across the poster to decomposing the subject into reduced forms.
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Dialogue movie poster by Zdeněk Chotěnovký, 1963.
For Boys Only is for Girls Too movie poster by Libor Fára, 1963.
Stairs of Courage movie poster by Ivan Urbánek, 1963.
Five Minutes to Seven movie poster by Jan Brychta, 1965.
Murderer from Beyond the Grave movie poster by Milan Paštéka, 1967.
The Republic SHKID movie poster by Unknown Poster Artist, 1968.
The strongest and the most critical films of Czechoslovak cinema emerged in the second half of the sixties. As we know there is no place for criticism in any political regime. Sixties remained a myth for next twenty years and were systematically erased by Socialist invention called “Normalization”. That did not however stop poster designers from carrying on, as Zdeněk Ziegler puts it “all of us had the same enemy, after all”. [^4]
Before we enter poster art of 1970s, we thought that you might enjoy a little visual intermezzo. Sixties poster artists and detailed description about their studies, exhibitions and related informations are getting together for the next part.
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Master Executioner, Čestmír Pechr, 1966.
The Seventh Seal, Karel Vodák, 1966.
• Master Executioner / dir. Paľo Bielik, test print of unrealised version of the 1966 film, with Slovak version of The Seventh Seal / dir. Ingmar Bergman that have possible never seen the light either, printed at the back.
Alaska movie poster by Zdeněk Kaplan, 1967.
Taming of the Shrew movie poster by Radek Očenášek, 1968.
Pasha movie poster by Jaromír Bradáč, 1969.
The Crime of David Levinstein movie poster by Milan Němeček, 1969.
••
[quote]”It is getting even worst. It’s hard to say, where is the end of the road we have not chosen. Somewhere has been decided, that this generation must remain forgotten. Whole army of chief executives and referees gathered together and they all came up with strictly planned programme. Instead of Poledňák there came Purš, instead of Harnach – Šťastný, instead of Kunc – Toman. Common sense refuses to believe it, but for several months, these three gentlemen have been working hard on the disposal of Czechoslovak film. 19.2.1971 / Pavel Juráček”[^5][/quote]
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322 / Dušan Hanák, Jan Meisner, 1969.
•••
[^1]:Vratislav Hlavatý for the Czech Radio Interview / 29.3.2013
[^2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival
[^3]:Albert Marenčín / Golden Sixties, TV document, dir. Martin Šulík, 2009. (Albert Marenčín / artist, writer, surrealist and former director of one of the artistic group of film producers in Slovakia (Produced also Sun in the Net). He was very much responsible for pulling Slovak young film directors to studios in Bratislava)
[^4]:Zdeněk Ziegler for the Czech Radio Interview / 15.5.2013.
[^5]:The Key for Determining Dwarfs or The Last Travel of Lemuel Gulliver, dir. Martin Šulík, 2002.
••
Additional research:
Literature:
Flashback / Czech and Slovak Film Posters 1959-1989, ed. Libor Gronský, Marek Perůtka, Michal Soukup, Olomouc Museum of Art, 2004.
Elo Havetta (1938-1975) / Václav Macek, SFÚ, 1990.
Movie poster shown on the picture above has been seen previously in one of our articles on History of Poster Design in Czechoslovakia. It did not stop us from refreshing the memory as we are strongly effected by its expressiveness. Jean Gabin‘s common impression for every French born was broken into uncertainty. Divided into parallel fields as in the rhythm similar to main theme of that phenomenal soundtrack composed by Serge Gainsbourg. Music moves on as we can see even on the letters, one can hear the most peculiar sounds.
Mysterious poster for Georges Lautner‘s film is hiding one extra mystery and that is the poster designer himself. Jaromír Bradáč remains the one, or at least for now. You can count number of his film posters on your left hand and that’s about everything we could track on this fantastic graphic designer. Hopefully the future will show some more light about him, as we believe five film posters is not everything he did.
***
A Study About Women, film poster by Jaromír Bradáč, 1968.
Film posters in history. Poster story in few takes.
The 400 Blows / Francois Truffaut, movie poster by Josef Hvozdenský, 1959.
EXPO 58 – Brussels and travelling
It was not likely until 1958 EXPO show in Brussels when Czechoslovakia suddenly reappeared in the world wide art discussion. Overleaping thickness of Communist propaganda was overshadowing the cultural existence not only for another side of the Iron curtain. No wonder, as Stanislav Kolibal, one of the most refined Czech artist / sculptor recollects in his interview for Czech radio broadcast:
[quote]”Travelling before 1957 was just not happening.”[/quote]
It was not happening after that either, but things were a bit smoother and significantly moving towards lots of explorations.
The Eleventh Commandment movie poster by Unknown Artist, 1935.
If a Thousand Clarinets movie poster by Unknown Artist, 1964.
• typical early example of the “Noodle” shaped film poster, returning as an idea back in 60s without any further success.
Christian movie poster by Unknown Artist, 1970.
Africa II movie poster by František Přikryl, 1952.
• film posters following old poster traditions.
Action B movie poster by Unknown Artist, 1951.
Irene, go home! movie poster by Unknown Artist, 1956.
• 50s film posters came very rarely with the signature.
Early days of film posters.
Unhealthy political regime in Czechoslovakia had very strong impact on cultural distribution within the country. Country was perfectly sealed off. Presence of cold war was also effecting the possibilities of any official cultural exchange. Art making was going through all kinds of metamorphosis, but in reality it only had one face. That face was called Social Realism and it had very clear, strong and long lasting statement. Visual disillusion would chase one everywhere. And if a little flag was’t displayed on the window seal on the 1st of May, one would be chased by someone else, too. Simply put; politicians were using art for their own propaganda and there was no way around it. Or maybe there was?
Whence and Where to? movie poster by Unknown Artist, 1956.
The Bigamist movie poster by Unknown Artist, 1957.
Comedians movie poster by Vladimír Šmerda, 1959.
Berlin Romance movie poster by Unknown Artist, 1956.
Endstation Liebe movie poster by Unknown Poster Artist, 1959.
Puss in Boots movie poster by Unknown Poster Artist, 1958-68.
• fascinating starts from the “old school” representatives. Many artists were trying to cover the new medium. By the end of 50s poster still did not have that film look.
Film poster in Czechoslovakia was also going through many changes before it meets the doors of collectors and film festivals. All sorts of artists were trying out to fit the new medium, but it was not until early sixties when fresh new ideologies were presented in both films and similarly in film posters design. Poster designers had it very hard to make pleasing posters for bad propaganda or WWI-II films at the beginning. Significance of EXPO 58 and sudden interest of politicians in foreign currency from the fresh source[^1] turned a blind eye on art scene ever since. Censorship however remains necessity.
The Smallest Show on Earth movie poster by Adolf Born, 1960.
Virgin Soil Upturned movie poster by Adolf Born, 1960.
• Adolf Born is getting involved in poster making.
Memory of the Heart movie poster by Teodor Rotrekl, 1959.
First Spaceship on Venus movie poster by Teodor Rotrekl, 1960.
• another famous Czech sci-fi books illustrator Teodor Rotrekl designs several film posters.
Walking to Heaven movie poster by Vladislav Vraštil, 1960.
Night Guest movie poster by Václav Kasík, 1961.
Censors in form of critics were very much responsible for the public picture. That could never lack enough sympathy for the comrades from the Soviet union / countries of Warszaw pact and on the other hand it had to be critical enough towards anything coming out from the west.
In visual art weird symbols of the era were the most preferable. Motifs of smiling women standing behind the factory machine pretending they do enjoy the heavy work and at the same time they are equally helping in cultivating the nation. This and similar images, everyone possibly came across when they say Communism, were implied in every possible media and censors had to make sure there was enough of it visible.
Tale of an Old Tram movie poster by Miloslav Noll, 1961.
Man in Outer Space movie poster by Jan Kubíček, 1961.
Two Men from Another World movie poster by Jan Kubíček, 1962.
Satisfactory Marriage movie poster by Jan Kubíček, 1962.
• playful illustrations and collages of Jan Kubíček were accompanying Czechoslovak film poster all the way to seventies.
Hungry for Love movie poster by Unknown Artist, 1961.
On the Bowery movie poster by Jan Sechter, 1961.
• photograph stretches all across the poster.
Thankfully not all of the art disciplines were destined for an extinction. Illustration, animated films as well as film posters remained intact with only few slight obstacles.[^2] By the beginning of 1960s several renown artists, graphic designers and illustrators such as Bedřich Dlouhý, Miloš Reindl, Richard Fremund, Zdeněk Palcr, Karel Teissig, Jaroslav Fišer were shaping up the future visuals of film posters. When award winning poster and graphic designer Zdeněk Ziegler meets the official film posters committee for the first time, he remembers his feelings were strongly in favour of his critics.
[quote]”There were always two or three graphic designers among commissioners who would defend fellow colleague. It was Karel Vaca and Dobroslav Foll in my case.” [^3][/quote]
The 400 Blows / Francois Truffaut – Promotional film catalogueThe 400 Blows / Francois Truffaut, Catalogue view opposite side.
With increasing attendance at the international film festivals, film poster was also heading towards new directions. International success of movies created by Miloš Forman, Věra Chytilová, Jiří Menzel and other important directors of Czechoslovak New Wave, introduced Czechoslovak poster design to the foreign audience. Film posters designed in 1960s were created by some of the best poster designers of the era and we will be exploring them in more details in our next post.
•••
[^1]: Enough currency was floating in the country. Czechoslovakia was one of the greatest business partners with the death at the time. Military industry was among the most popular and export was doing just fine. / 150 000 Slov – former exile magazine, X/91/27, p.3-5, Morálka musí počkat (Morale must wait), Inge Santnerová.
[^2]: Vratislav Hlavatý for the Czech Radio Interview / 29.3.2013 (Several of his publications were banned throughout Communism).
[^3]: Zdeněk Ziegler for the Czech Radio Interview / 15.5.2013.
Additional research:
Literature:
Flashback / Czech and Slovak Film Posters 1959-1989, ed. Libor Gronský, Marek Perůtka, Michal Soukup, Olomouc Museum of Art, 2004.
Before God and Man movie poster by Rudolf Altrichter, 1968.
10th of June 1916, Vienna
8th of September 1978, Bratislava
Education:
1938, Business High School, Trenčín
University of Economy, Bratislava
Awards:
1966, Prize for the most beautiful poster of the year.
Film posters created: 32 (1959-1972)[^1]
***
It is fairly interesting when thinking of Rudolf Altrichter’s designs for film posters, that behind all this visual trickery is hidden self-taught artist. Originally trained as a sales man (worked also for Bata / shoemaker company) he became one of the most influential Slovak graphic artist. In his thirties he became one of the establishing members of newly reopen Slovak Art Society (1946) and year later co-founder of Association of Slovak Graphic Artists (1947).
Rudolf Altrichter’s film posters are full of visual harmony, unusually blended by pure abstraction and the hints of reality. Human element appears to be one of his strongest standing point, no matter if it is design for art exhibition, film or political poster. Visual harmony is also represented by the use of elegant thin lines and curvy almost psychedelic shapes. Absurdity of the war, another of his characteristic motifs, can be also seen on several of his film posters. Film poster designed for French drama Dangerous Love Affairs / Dangerous Liaisons (shown bellow, designed in 1969), belongs to the selection of the most significant acquisitions of the Poster and Graphic Design Collection of Slovak National Gallery.
***
Dangerous Love Affairs movie poster by Rudolf Altrichter, 1969.
Talking Caftan movie poster by Rudolf Altrichter, 1969.
Traces on the Sitno movie poster by Rudolf Altrichter, 1968.
What a Lovely War movie poster by Rudolf Altrichter, 1969.
The Upthrown Stone movie poster by Rudolf Altrichter, 1970.
Girl from the Mountains movie poster by Altrichter, 1972.
The Cremator movie poster by Antonín Dimitrov, 1968.
***
b. 27th February 1928, Mšecké Žehrovice/Rakovník, Czech Republic
d. 27th December 2014, Bobcaygeon, Canada
lived in Canadian exile from 1968
Education:
1945 – 1953, Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design in Prague (Antonín Strnadel)
Exhibitions:
until 1968 mostly Prague exhibitions
Toronto, Royal Canadian Academy of Arts (member), Canada, 1991
London / United Kingdom
***
In few of our recent articles we have discussed absurdity and inappropriate behaviour of Communist leaders. Terrifying act of those in power and their constant fight towards fictional enemy was very systematical. In country as small as Czechoslovakia it was not impossible to succeed.
***
Four in a Circle movie poster by Antonín Dimitrov, 1967.
***
Similarly to Jan Brychta, Antonín Dimitrov’s profile was simply deleted. Second successful attempt of leaving the country in 1968 took Antonín Dimitrov with his wife Olga to Canada. His first try when he and his soul mate swam across the river Danube to neighbouring Austria, just to get caught and handed in to Russian soldiers, cost him several years in prison and forced labor.
Before their disappearance, Antonín Dimitrov and his wife worked professionally as a set and costume designers in various theatres across the country. Antonín’s rebellious nature has been proved several times. Exclusion from the Art Academy for his incorrect political views (note: even the students had to be the members of Communist party. Same applied to parents, if there was a non member in the family, studying at higher education was impossible. Not talking of grand parents.) and his unsuccessful immigration right after that are only few examples of his misbehaviour.
***
Sign of the Cancer movie poster by Antonín Dimitrov, 1967.
***
His collaboration with Czechoslovak New Wave directors, specially with Juraj Herz must have also spiced the soup up. Juraj Herz’s Cremator was the movie Communist could not swallow, similarly to other two titles in the showcase. In cases when the Communists decided to ban the movie everything would go off the shelf. Film director, author of the script / writer and the same destiny would meet the film poster.
Movie posters of Antonín Dimitrov are reflecting the times utterly. His posters are incredibly attractive, no matter if he touches the scissors or the paint brush. Excellent typographer and master of the blend, his virtues are sensibly hidden mostly in the collage. His posters are missing on one thing, there are only very few of them. He possibly did not design more than ten movie posters.
***
Masters of Congo Jungle movie poster by Antonín Dimitrov, 1967.
***
Even though Antonín Dimitrov luckily led succesful life in the exile. As a set designer he and his wife worked on numerous theatre and opera productions. He was also head of the design programme at the prestigious Indiana University School of Music in Bloomington, Indiana[^1] . But for Czechoslovak film poster his departure was a great loss. Many fascinating artists remained and learn how to overcome the situation, while building one of the most impressive poster archive in design history. It would be truly interesting to see what else could Antonín Dimitrov pull out of that hat.
***
The Limping Devil movie poster by Antonín Dimitrov, 1968.
[^1]: Obituary of Antonin Dimitrov, Hendren Funeral Homes, Norwood and Bobcaygeon, Ontario / it is sad when only biography on artist can be found in his obituary. Beautifully written, one should take a look.
***
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Poster art by Jaroslav Fišer for Věra Chytilová’s films.
We can hardly hide our excitement about BFI’s wonderful retrospective of one of the most innovative Czech filmmakers Věra Chytilová. It is also a very good opportunity to introduce the work of Jaroslav Fišer, prolific graphic designer and author of several posters for her films.
Jaroslav Fišer studied at the Technical University in Prague and at the Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design, Prague, former Czechoslovakia. During 1959 – 1987 Jaroslav Fišer designed 104 movie posters and his poster for film The Apple Game won a Silver Hugo at the International Film Festival in Chicago, USA.
BFI’s tribute to the director is organised in collaboration with Czech Centre, London and Czech National Film Archive and is on from 1st March – 17th March 2015.
Movie posters designed for Věra Chytilová’s films:
The Apple Game movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1976.
The Panel Story movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1979.
The Very Late Afternoon of a Faun movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1984.
The Jester and The Queen movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1987.
Selection of movie posters by Jaroslav Fišer:
Please don’t wake me up movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1962.
Adam’s Two Ribs movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1964.
Check Passed: No Mines movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1966.
The Third One movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1968.
A Flea in Her Ear movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1969.
Litle Big Man movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1973.
Poster art in the history. Story of the Czechoslovak film poster in few takes.
When the Cat Comes, directed by Vojtěch Jasný, 1963
••
The ideas of cultural revolution of the Sixties were gently spreading across the Czechoslovakia. The death of Stalin resulted in major positive cultural and political changes. Revealing political crimes of the 1950s helped many to react. Cultural institutions were breathing in fresh air and for almost whole new decade possibilities were gradually becoming reality. Country was getting back in bloom and ready for the new era that would bring many significant names in literature, film and art in general.
••
Northern Sea is Calling movie poster by Dora Nováková, 1961.
Léon Garros Is Looking for His Friend movie poster by Unknown Poster Artist, 1962.
The Death of Tarzan movie poster by Jiří Balcar, 1962.
Babette Goes to War movie poster by Vladimír Václav Paleček, 1962.
Fortress on the Rhine movie poster by Jaroslav Slovák, 1962.
Life Without a Guitar movie poster by Jaroslav Sůra, 1962.
••
Film poster and its visual quality was always present, however “Brussels style” brought in some vitality to poster art. Bright pastel colours and curvy shapes were welcoming cinema enthusiasts on the way to see the films. There was a special platform dedicated to film posters with 6 posters always on display.[^1] Poster art gallery on the street, if one wants to think. Understanding of newly approaching contemporary cinema also made huge impact on the look of the future poster art. After all photography and film were both sharing so much, not to mention the film frame. Photography was drastically changing its status in poster art and was very often becoming part of the collages, or similar innovative techniques developed by new thinkers.
••
Mamma Roma movie poster by Vladimír Tesař, 1963.
Roads movie poster by Václav Zeman, 1964.
Love at Twenty movie poster by Milena Kadlecová, 1963.
For Whom Havana Dances movie poster by Miloš Reindl, 1963.
To Sir, with Love movie poster by Karel Machálek, 1969.
The Exterminating Angel movie poster by Milan Grygar, 1963.
• Foreign films were filling up the cinemas, however the choice was very limited. Films criticising western society made by the controversial film directors were the most preferable.
••
Film festivals, International reputation, Good bye Stalin!
Sixties brought in various alternative films from behind the Iron Curtain. Visually diverse films were screened in the cinemas across the country and have been admired by many. Culture was adopting new ways of expression and started to imply them further more in daily practise. Names such as Jean Luc-Godard, Luis Bunuel, Michelangelo Antonioni or Federico Fellini were resonating in freshly introduced film magazines, that were not lacking the visual quality of those printed in the West. Rich content was provided by healthy criticism, something unheard of in the past.
••
Good looking magazines with great content appeared in 1960s.
••
Appearance of the Czechoslovak films on International film festivals didn’t wait for long. In 1961 first Slovak film A Song About the Grey Pigeon / Stanislav Barabáš enters the Cannes Film Festival.[^2] Followed by the colourful award winning musical When the Cat Comes / Vojtěch Jasný (Cannes, 1963) and The Shop on Main Street / Ján Kadár and Elmar Klos (Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, 1965). Together with directors as Otakar Vávra or Evald Schorm they were paving up beautiful path for forthcoming generation.
••
The Sun in a Net movie poster by Milan Paštéka, 1962.
Accused movie poster by Karel Vaca, 1963.
Audition movie poster by Jiří Jan Trnka, 1963.
Black Peter movie poster by Zdeněk Palcr, 1963.
Closely Watched Trains movie poster by František Zálešák, 1966.
Drums movie poster by Jaroslav Příbramský, 1964.
••
Czechoslovak New Wave. Sun in the net.
[quote]”We had a feeling that literature is far ahead of the film, mean Slovak film, you know. That it is necessary to find the contact with writers and involve them in Slovak film production. Albert Marenčín”[^3][/quote]
Light was getting green also for the young film graduates at FAMU (Film faculty, Prague). Immense visual response to the current state of the country was phenomenal. In some cases maybe mere innocent poetic experiments, but the “real film” could not overlook the situation and reality seemed pure irony at the time. Great source of motivation was coming from the literature, many “lost authors” like Alfonz Bednár, Bohumil Hrabal, Jan Johanides, Milan Kundera, Dominik Tatarka and others were giving young film makers valuable hints. By the mid sixties Czechoslovak New Wave was already established. Young directors were influenced by everything worth of observation and wanted to add it to their art. Although the work of Czechoslovak New Wave was praised by international critics, at home with Communist power and their “relevant values” behind the back they were finding great difficulties. Majority of their films were banned right after the premiere and most of those films would not see the screening room until 1989. In many cases their activity was completely stopped, some of them emigrated (Miloš Forman, Jan Němec). Very similar destiny was following the poster art and its creators. Among few of many representatives of New Wave Cinema in Czechoslovakia belongs Věra Chytilová, Dušan Hanák, Elo Havetta, Juraj Herz, Juraj Jakubisko, Jaromil Jireš, Pavel Juráček, Jiří Menzel, Ivan Passer, Štefan Uher, Věra Vihanová, František Vláčil.
••
Nobody Will Laugh movie poster by Jan Turnovský, 1965.
Crucial Years movie poster by Juraj Jakubisko, 1967.
The Cremator movie poster by Antonín Dimitrov, 1968.
The Valley of the Bees movie poster by Jiří Svoboda, 1968.
• Surreal nudity. Very few film posters involved images of naked body.
Witchhammer movie poster by Unknown Poster Artist, 1969.
Witchhammer movie poster by František Zálešák, 1969.
• Witchhammer / dir. Otakar Vávra. Different poster designs for the same film.
••
No matter how miraculous they were, pretty much all of the above Czechoslovak films were banned in the late 1960s and onwards. Communists made the shame out of them and they would soon moved all of them to the special archive named “TREZOR” (Communist party safe-deposit box for disturbing material, in this case it was film deposit).
••
Film poster and poster artists. Variety in poster art.
One of the main reason why Czechoslovak film poster art became so noticeable was the fact that the surrounding of poster making was made up of rich resource. The sixties has given away the opportunity to try out more courageous and innovative forms. Those were adopted by the groups of painters, sculptors, illustrators and graphic designers who used and mixed them in their own fashion. With strong individual approach rather than uniformed style or tendency, poster design became the playground for all. Extensive use of collage, illustration, photography or typography was applied. They all played important role in poster art and would often encounter on the same film poster. The playful and courageous approach was used by many significant poster designers such as Rudolf Altrichter, Zdeněk Chotěnovský, Zdeněk Kaplan, Zdeněk Palcr, Karel Teissig, Karel Vaca or Zdeněk Ziegler. Having been schooled as sculptors, painters, book illustrators, architects or sometimes self-taughts, poster designs were handled in all possible manners. From the dominating titles set across the poster to decomposing the subject into reduced forms.
••
Dialogue movie poster by Zdeněk Chotěnovký, 1963.
For Boys Only is for Girls Too movie poster by Libor Fára, 1963.
Stairs of Courage movie poster by Ivan Urbánek, 1963.
Five Minutes to Seven movie poster by Jan Brychta, 1965.
Murderer from Beyond the Grave movie poster by Milan Paštéka, 1967.
The Republic SHKID movie poster by Unknown Poster Artist, 1968.
The strongest and the most critical films of Czechoslovak cinema emerged in the second half of the sixties. As we know there is no place for criticism in any political regime. Sixties remained a myth for next twenty years and were systematically erased by Socialist invention called “Normalization”. That did not however stop poster designers from carrying on, as Zdeněk Ziegler puts it “all of us had the same enemy, after all”. [^4]
Before we enter poster art of 1970s, we thought that you might enjoy a little visual intermezzo. Sixties poster artists and detailed description about their studies, exhibitions and related informations are getting together for the next part.
••
Master Executioner, Čestmír Pechr, 1966.
The Seventh Seal, Karel Vodák, 1966.
• Master Executioner / dir. Paľo Bielik, test print of unrealised version of the 1966 film, with Slovak version of The Seventh Seal / dir. Ingmar Bergman that have possible never seen the light either, printed at the back.
Alaska movie poster by Zdeněk Kaplan, 1967.
Taming of the Shrew movie poster by Radek Očenášek, 1968.
Pasha movie poster by Jaromír Bradáč, 1969.
The Crime of David Levinstein movie poster by Milan Němeček, 1969.
••
[quote]”It is getting even worst. It’s hard to say, where is the end of the road we have not chosen. Somewhere has been decided, that this generation must remain forgotten. Whole army of chief executives and referees gathered together and they all came up with strictly planned programme. Instead of Poledňák there came Purš, instead of Harnach – Šťastný, instead of Kunc – Toman. Common sense refuses to believe it, but for several months, these three gentlemen have been working hard on the disposal of Czechoslovak film. 19.2.1971 / Pavel Juráček”[^5][/quote]
••
322 / Dušan Hanák, Jan Meisner, 1969.
•••
[^1]:Vratislav Hlavatý for the Czech Radio Interview / 29.3.2013
[^2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival
[^3]:Albert Marenčín / Golden Sixties, TV document, dir. Martin Šulík, 2009. (Albert Marenčín / artist, writer, surrealist and former director of one of the artistic group of film producers in Slovakia (Produced also Sun in the Net). He was very much responsible for pulling Slovak young film directors to studios in Bratislava)
[^4]:Zdeněk Ziegler for the Czech Radio Interview / 15.5.2013.
[^5]:The Key for Determining Dwarfs or The Last Travel of Lemuel Gulliver, dir. Martin Šulík, 2002.
••
Additional research:
Literature:
Flashback / Czech and Slovak Film Posters 1959-1989, ed. Libor Gronský, Marek Perůtka, Michal Soukup, Olomouc Museum of Art, 2004.
Elo Havetta (1938-1975) / Václav Macek, SFÚ, 1990.
Movie poster shown on the picture above has been seen previously in one of our articles on History of Poster Design in Czechoslovakia. It did not stop us from refreshing the memory as we are strongly effected by its expressiveness. Jean Gabin‘s common impression for every French born was broken into uncertainty. Divided into parallel fields as in the rhythm similar to main theme of that phenomenal soundtrack composed by Serge Gainsbourg. Music moves on as we can see even on the letters, one can hear the most peculiar sounds.
Mysterious poster for Georges Lautner‘s film is hiding one extra mystery and that is the poster designer himself. Jaromír Bradáč remains the one, or at least for now. You can count number of his film posters on your left hand and that’s about everything we could track on this fantastic graphic designer. Hopefully the future will show some more light about him, as we believe five film posters is not everything he did.
***
A Study About Women, film poster by Jaromír Bradáč, 1968.
Film posters in history. Poster story in few takes.
The 400 Blows / Francois Truffaut, movie poster by Josef Hvozdenský, 1959.
EXPO 58 – Brussels and travelling
It was not likely until 1958 EXPO show in Brussels when Czechoslovakia suddenly reappeared in the world wide art discussion. Overleaping thickness of Communist propaganda was overshadowing the cultural existence not only for another side of the Iron curtain. No wonder, as Stanislav Kolibal, one of the most refined Czech artist / sculptor recollects in his interview for Czech radio broadcast:
[quote]”Travelling before 1957 was just not happening.”[/quote]
It was not happening after that either, but things were a bit smoother and significantly moving towards lots of explorations.
The Eleventh Commandment movie poster by Unknown Artist, 1935.
If a Thousand Clarinets movie poster by Unknown Artist, 1964.
• typical early example of the “Noodle” shaped film poster, returning as an idea back in 60s without any further success.
Christian movie poster by Unknown Artist, 1970.
Africa II movie poster by František Přikryl, 1952.
• film posters following old poster traditions.
Action B movie poster by Unknown Artist, 1951.
Irene, go home! movie poster by Unknown Artist, 1956.
• 50s film posters came very rarely with the signature.
Early days of film posters.
Unhealthy political regime in Czechoslovakia had very strong impact on cultural distribution within the country. Country was perfectly sealed off. Presence of cold war was also effecting the possibilities of any official cultural exchange. Art making was going through all kinds of metamorphosis, but in reality it only had one face. That face was called Social Realism and it had very clear, strong and long lasting statement. Visual disillusion would chase one everywhere. And if a little flag was’t displayed on the window seal on the 1st of May, one would be chased by someone else, too. Simply put; politicians were using art for their own propaganda and there was no way around it. Or maybe there was?
Whence and Where to? movie poster by Unknown Artist, 1956.
The Bigamist movie poster by Unknown Artist, 1957.
Comedians movie poster by Vladimír Šmerda, 1959.
Berlin Romance movie poster by Unknown Artist, 1956.
Endstation Liebe movie poster by Unknown Poster Artist, 1959.
Puss in Boots movie poster by Unknown Poster Artist, 1958-68.
• fascinating starts from the “old school” representatives. Many artists were trying to cover the new medium. By the end of 50s poster still did not have that film look.
Film poster in Czechoslovakia was also going through many changes before it meets the doors of collectors and film festivals. All sorts of artists were trying out to fit the new medium, but it was not until early sixties when fresh new ideologies were presented in both films and similarly in film posters design. Poster designers had it very hard to make pleasing posters for bad propaganda or WWI-II films at the beginning. Significance of EXPO 58 and sudden interest of politicians in foreign currency from the fresh source[^1] turned a blind eye on art scene ever since. Censorship however remains necessity.
The Smallest Show on Earth movie poster by Adolf Born, 1960.
Virgin Soil Upturned movie poster by Adolf Born, 1960.
• Adolf Born is getting involved in poster making.
Memory of the Heart movie poster by Teodor Rotrekl, 1959.
First Spaceship on Venus movie poster by Teodor Rotrekl, 1960.
• another famous Czech sci-fi books illustrator Teodor Rotrekl designs several film posters.
Walking to Heaven movie poster by Vladislav Vraštil, 1960.
Night Guest movie poster by Václav Kasík, 1961.
Censors in form of critics were very much responsible for the public picture. That could never lack enough sympathy for the comrades from the Soviet union / countries of Warszaw pact and on the other hand it had to be critical enough towards anything coming out from the west.
In visual art weird symbols of the era were the most preferable. Motifs of smiling women standing behind the factory machine pretending they do enjoy the heavy work and at the same time they are equally helping in cultivating the nation. This and similar images, everyone possibly came across when they say Communism, were implied in every possible media and censors had to make sure there was enough of it visible.
Tale of an Old Tram movie poster by Miloslav Noll, 1961.
Man in Outer Space movie poster by Jan Kubíček, 1961.
Two Men from Another World movie poster by Jan Kubíček, 1962.
Satisfactory Marriage movie poster by Jan Kubíček, 1962.
• playful illustrations and collages of Jan Kubíček were accompanying Czechoslovak film poster all the way to seventies.
Hungry for Love movie poster by Unknown Artist, 1961.
On the Bowery movie poster by Jan Sechter, 1961.
• photograph stretches all across the poster.
Thankfully not all of the art disciplines were destined for an extinction. Illustration, animated films as well as film posters remained intact with only few slight obstacles.[^2] By the beginning of 1960s several renown artists, graphic designers and illustrators such as Bedřich Dlouhý, Miloš Reindl, Richard Fremund, Zdeněk Palcr, Karel Teissig, Jaroslav Fišer were shaping up the future visuals of film posters. When award winning poster and graphic designer Zdeněk Ziegler meets the official film posters committee for the first time, he remembers his feelings were strongly in favour of his critics.
[quote]”There were always two or three graphic designers among commissioners who would defend fellow colleague. It was Karel Vaca and Dobroslav Foll in my case.” [^3][/quote]
The 400 Blows / Francois Truffaut – Promotional film catalogueThe 400 Blows / Francois Truffaut, Catalogue view opposite side.
With increasing attendance at the international film festivals, film poster was also heading towards new directions. International success of movies created by Miloš Forman, Věra Chytilová, Jiří Menzel and other important directors of Czechoslovak New Wave, introduced Czechoslovak poster design to the foreign audience. Film posters designed in 1960s were created by some of the best poster designers of the era and we will be exploring them in more details in our next post.
•••
[^1]: Enough currency was floating in the country. Czechoslovakia was one of the greatest business partners with the death at the time. Military industry was among the most popular and export was doing just fine. / 150 000 Slov – former exile magazine, X/91/27, p.3-5, Morálka musí počkat (Morale must wait), Inge Santnerová.
[^2]: Vratislav Hlavatý for the Czech Radio Interview / 29.3.2013 (Several of his publications were banned throughout Communism).
[^3]: Zdeněk Ziegler for the Czech Radio Interview / 15.5.2013.
Additional research:
Literature:
Flashback / Czech and Slovak Film Posters 1959-1989, ed. Libor Gronský, Marek Perůtka, Michal Soukup, Olomouc Museum of Art, 2004.
Before God and Man movie poster by Rudolf Altrichter, 1968.
10th of June 1916, Vienna
8th of September 1978, Bratislava
Education:
1938, Business High School, Trenčín
University of Economy, Bratislava
Awards:
1966, Prize for the most beautiful poster of the year.
Film posters created: 32 (1959-1972)[^1]
***
It is fairly interesting when thinking of Rudolf Altrichter’s designs for film posters, that behind all this visual trickery is hidden self-taught artist. Originally trained as a sales man (worked also for Bata / shoemaker company) he became one of the most influential Slovak graphic artist. In his thirties he became one of the establishing members of newly reopen Slovak Art Society (1946) and year later co-founder of Association of Slovak Graphic Artists (1947).
Rudolf Altrichter’s film posters are full of visual harmony, unusually blended by pure abstraction and the hints of reality. Human element appears to be one of his strongest standing point, no matter if it is design for art exhibition, film or political poster. Visual harmony is also represented by the use of elegant thin lines and curvy almost psychedelic shapes. Absurdity of the war, another of his characteristic motifs, can be also seen on several of his film posters. Film poster designed for French drama Dangerous Love Affairs / Dangerous Liaisons (shown bellow, designed in 1969), belongs to the selection of the most significant acquisitions of the Poster and Graphic Design Collection of Slovak National Gallery.
***
Dangerous Love Affairs movie poster by Rudolf Altrichter, 1969.
Talking Caftan movie poster by Rudolf Altrichter, 1969.
Traces on the Sitno movie poster by Rudolf Altrichter, 1968.
What a Lovely War movie poster by Rudolf Altrichter, 1969.
The Upthrown Stone movie poster by Rudolf Altrichter, 1970.
Girl from the Mountains movie poster by Altrichter, 1972.
The Cremator movie poster by Antonín Dimitrov, 1968.
***
b. 27th February 1928, Mšecké Žehrovice/Rakovník, Czech Republic
d. 27th December 2014, Bobcaygeon, Canada
lived in Canadian exile from 1968
Education:
1945 – 1953, Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design in Prague (Antonín Strnadel)
Exhibitions:
until 1968 mostly Prague exhibitions
Toronto, Royal Canadian Academy of Arts (member), Canada, 1991
London / United Kingdom
***
In few of our recent articles we have discussed absurdity and inappropriate behaviour of Communist leaders. Terrifying act of those in power and their constant fight towards fictional enemy was very systematical. In country as small as Czechoslovakia it was not impossible to succeed.
***
Four in a Circle movie poster by Antonín Dimitrov, 1967.
***
Similarly to Jan Brychta, Antonín Dimitrov’s profile was simply deleted. Second successful attempt of leaving the country in 1968 took Antonín Dimitrov with his wife Olga to Canada. His first try when he and his soul mate swam across the river Danube to neighbouring Austria, just to get caught and handed in to Russian soldiers, cost him several years in prison and forced labor.
Before their disappearance, Antonín Dimitrov and his wife worked professionally as a set and costume designers in various theatres across the country. Antonín’s rebellious nature has been proved several times. Exclusion from the Art Academy for his incorrect political views (note: even the students had to be the members of Communist party. Same applied to parents, if there was a non member in the family, studying at higher education was impossible. Not talking of grand parents.) and his unsuccessful immigration right after that are only few examples of his misbehaviour.
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Sign of the Cancer movie poster by Antonín Dimitrov, 1967.
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His collaboration with Czechoslovak New Wave directors, specially with Juraj Herz must have also spiced the soup up. Juraj Herz’s Cremator was the movie Communist could not swallow, similarly to other two titles in the showcase. In cases when the Communists decided to ban the movie everything would go off the shelf. Film director, author of the script / writer and the same destiny would meet the film poster.
Movie posters of Antonín Dimitrov are reflecting the times utterly. His posters are incredibly attractive, no matter if he touches the scissors or the paint brush. Excellent typographer and master of the blend, his virtues are sensibly hidden mostly in the collage. His posters are missing on one thing, there are only very few of them. He possibly did not design more than ten movie posters.
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Masters of Congo Jungle movie poster by Antonín Dimitrov, 1967.
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Even though Antonín Dimitrov luckily led succesful life in the exile. As a set designer he and his wife worked on numerous theatre and opera productions. He was also head of the design programme at the prestigious Indiana University School of Music in Bloomington, Indiana[^1] . But for Czechoslovak film poster his departure was a great loss. Many fascinating artists remained and learn how to overcome the situation, while building one of the most impressive poster archive in design history. It would be truly interesting to see what else could Antonín Dimitrov pull out of that hat.
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The Limping Devil movie poster by Antonín Dimitrov, 1968.
[^1]: Obituary of Antonin Dimitrov, Hendren Funeral Homes, Norwood and Bobcaygeon, Ontario / it is sad when only biography on artist can be found in his obituary. Beautifully written, one should take a look.
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Poster art by Jaroslav Fišer for Věra Chytilová’s films.
We can hardly hide our excitement about BFI’s wonderful retrospective of one of the most innovative Czech filmmakers Věra Chytilová. It is also a very good opportunity to introduce the work of Jaroslav Fišer, prolific graphic designer and author of several posters for her films.
Jaroslav Fišer studied at the Technical University in Prague and at the Academy of Arts, Architecture and Design, Prague, former Czechoslovakia. During 1959 – 1987 Jaroslav Fišer designed 104 movie posters and his poster for film The Apple Game won a Silver Hugo at the International Film Festival in Chicago, USA.
BFI’s tribute to the director is organised in collaboration with Czech Centre, London and Czech National Film Archive and is on from 1st March – 17th March 2015.
Movie posters designed for Věra Chytilová’s films:
The Apple Game movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1976.
The Panel Story movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1979.
The Very Late Afternoon of a Faun movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1984.
The Jester and The Queen movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1987.
Selection of movie posters by Jaroslav Fišer:
Please don’t wake me up movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1962.
Adam’s Two Ribs movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1964.
Check Passed: No Mines movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1966.
The Third One movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1968.
A Flea in Her Ear movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1969.
Litle Big Man movie poster by Jaroslav Fišer, 1973.
Poster art in the history. Story of the Czechoslovak film poster in few takes.
When the Cat Comes, directed by Vojtěch Jasný, 1963
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The ideas of cultural revolution of the Sixties were gently spreading across the Czechoslovakia. The death of Stalin resulted in major positive cultural and political changes. Revealing political crimes of the 1950s helped many to react. Cultural institutions were breathing in fresh air and for almost whole new decade possibilities were gradually becoming reality. Country was getting back in bloom and ready for the new era that would bring many significant names in literature, film and art in general.
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Northern Sea is Calling movie poster by Dora Nováková, 1961.
Léon Garros Is Looking for His Friend movie poster by Unknown Poster Artist, 1962.
The Death of Tarzan movie poster by Jiří Balcar, 1962.
Babette Goes to War movie poster by Vladimír Václav Paleček, 1962.
Fortress on the Rhine movie poster by Jaroslav Slovák, 1962.
Life Without a Guitar movie poster by Jaroslav Sůra, 1962.
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Film poster and its visual quality was always present, however “Brussels style” brought in some vitality to poster art. Bright pastel colours and curvy shapes were welcoming cinema enthusiasts on the way to see the films. There was a special platform dedicated to film posters with 6 posters always on display.[^1] Poster art gallery on the street, if one wants to think. Understanding of newly approaching contemporary cinema also made huge impact on the look of the future poster art. After all photography and film were both sharing so much, not to mention the film frame. Photography was drastically changing its status in poster art and was very often becoming part of the collages, or similar innovative techniques developed by new thinkers.
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Mamma Roma movie poster by Vladimír Tesař, 1963.
Roads movie poster by Václav Zeman, 1964.
Love at Twenty movie poster by Milena Kadlecová, 1963.
For Whom Havana Dances movie poster by Miloš Reindl, 1963.
To Sir, with Love movie poster by Karel Machálek, 1969.
The Exterminating Angel movie poster by Milan Grygar, 1963.
• Foreign films were filling up the cinemas, however the choice was very limited. Films criticising western society made by the controversial film directors were the most preferable.
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Film festivals, International reputation, Good bye Stalin!
Sixties brought in various alternative films from behind the Iron Curtain. Visually diverse films were screened in the cinemas across the country and have been admired by many. Culture was adopting new ways of expression and started to imply them further more in daily practise. Names such as Jean Luc-Godard, Luis Bunuel, Michelangelo Antonioni or Federico Fellini were resonating in freshly introduced film magazines, that were not lacking the visual quality of those printed in the West. Rich content was provided by healthy criticism, something unheard of in the past.
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Good looking magazines with great content appeared in 1960s.
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Appearance of the Czechoslovak films on International film festivals didn’t wait for long. In 1961 first Slovak film A Song About the Grey Pigeon / Stanislav Barabáš enters the Cannes Film Festival.[^2] Followed by the colourful award winning musical When the Cat Comes / Vojtěch Jasný (Cannes, 1963) and The Shop on Main Street / Ján Kadár and Elmar Klos (Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, 1965). Together with directors as Otakar Vávra or Evald Schorm they were paving up beautiful path for forthcoming generation.
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The Sun in a Net movie poster by Milan Paštéka, 1962.
Accused movie poster by Karel Vaca, 1963.
Audition movie poster by Jiří Jan Trnka, 1963.
Black Peter movie poster by Zdeněk Palcr, 1963.
Closely Watched Trains movie poster by František Zálešák, 1966.
Drums movie poster by Jaroslav Příbramský, 1964.
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Czechoslovak New Wave. Sun in the net.
[quote]”We had a feeling that literature is far ahead of the film, mean Slovak film, you know. That it is necessary to find the contact with writers and involve them in Slovak film production. Albert Marenčín”[^3][/quote]
Light was getting green also for the young film graduates at FAMU (Film faculty, Prague). Immense visual response to the current state of the country was phenomenal. In some cases maybe mere innocent poetic experiments, but the “real film” could not overlook the situation and reality seemed pure irony at the time. Great source of motivation was coming from the literature, many “lost authors” like Alfonz Bednár, Bohumil Hrabal, Jan Johanides, Milan Kundera, Dominik Tatarka and others were giving young film makers valuable hints. By the mid sixties Czechoslovak New Wave was already established. Young directors were influenced by everything worth of observation and wanted to add it to their art. Although the work of Czechoslovak New Wave was praised by international critics, at home with Communist power and their “relevant values” behind the back they were finding great difficulties. Majority of their films were banned right after the premiere and most of those films would not see the screening room until 1989. In many cases their activity was completely stopped, some of them emigrated (Miloš Forman, Jan Němec). Very similar destiny was following the poster art and its creators. Among few of many representatives of New Wave Cinema in Czechoslovakia belongs Věra Chytilová, Dušan Hanák, Elo Havetta, Juraj Herz, Juraj Jakubisko, Jaromil Jireš, Pavel Juráček, Jiří Menzel, Ivan Passer, Štefan Uher, Věra Vihanová, František Vláčil.
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Nobody Will Laugh movie poster by Jan Turnovský, 1965.
Crucial Years movie poster by Juraj Jakubisko, 1967.
The Cremator movie poster by Antonín Dimitrov, 1968.
The Valley of the Bees movie poster by Jiří Svoboda, 1968.
• Surreal nudity. Very few film posters involved images of naked body.
Witchhammer movie poster by Unknown Poster Artist, 1969.
Witchhammer movie poster by František Zálešák, 1969.
• Witchhammer / dir. Otakar Vávra. Different poster designs for the same film.
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No matter how miraculous they were, pretty much all of the above Czechoslovak films were banned in the late 1960s and onwards. Communists made the shame out of them and they would soon moved all of them to the special archive named “TREZOR” (Communist party safe-deposit box for disturbing material, in this case it was film deposit).
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Film poster and poster artists. Variety in poster art.
One of the main reason why Czechoslovak film poster art became so noticeable was the fact that the surrounding of poster making was made up of rich resource. The sixties has given away the opportunity to try out more courageous and innovative forms. Those were adopted by the groups of painters, sculptors, illustrators and graphic designers who used and mixed them in their own fashion. With strong individual approach rather than uniformed style or tendency, poster design became the playground for all. Extensive use of collage, illustration, photography or typography was applied. They all played important role in poster art and would often encounter on the same film poster. The playful and courageous approach was used by many significant poster designers such as Rudolf Altrichter, Zdeněk Chotěnovský, Zdeněk Kaplan, Zdeněk Palcr, Karel Teissig, Karel Vaca or Zdeněk Ziegler. Having been schooled as sculptors, painters, book illustrators, architects or sometimes self-taughts, poster designs were handled in all possible manners. From the dominating titles set across the poster to decomposing the subject into reduced forms.
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Dialogue movie poster by Zdeněk Chotěnovký, 1963.
For Boys Only is for Girls Too movie poster by Libor Fára, 1963.
Stairs of Courage movie poster by Ivan Urbánek, 1963.
Five Minutes to Seven movie poster by Jan Brychta, 1965.
Murderer from Beyond the Grave movie poster by Milan Paštéka, 1967.
The Republic SHKID movie poster by Unknown Poster Artist, 1968.
The strongest and the most critical films of Czechoslovak cinema emerged in the second half of the sixties. As we know there is no place for criticism in any political regime. Sixties remained a myth for next twenty years and were systematically erased by Socialist invention called “Normalization”. That did not however stop poster designers from carrying on, as Zdeněk Ziegler puts it “all of us had the same enemy, after all”. [^4]
Before we enter poster art of 1970s, we thought that you might enjoy a little visual intermezzo. Sixties poster artists and detailed description about their studies, exhibitions and related informations are getting together for the next part.
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Master Executioner, Čestmír Pechr, 1966.
The Seventh Seal, Karel Vodák, 1966.
• Master Executioner / dir. Paľo Bielik, test print of unrealised version of the 1966 film, with Slovak version of The Seventh Seal / dir. Ingmar Bergman that have possible never seen the light either, printed at the back.
Alaska movie poster by Zdeněk Kaplan, 1967.
Taming of the Shrew movie poster by Radek Očenášek, 1968.
Pasha movie poster by Jaromír Bradáč, 1969.
The Crime of David Levinstein movie poster by Milan Němeček, 1969.
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[quote]”It is getting even worst. It’s hard to say, where is the end of the road we have not chosen. Somewhere has been decided, that this generation must remain forgotten. Whole army of chief executives and referees gathered together and they all came up with strictly planned programme. Instead of Poledňák there came Purš, instead of Harnach – Šťastný, instead of Kunc – Toman. Common sense refuses to believe it, but for several months, these three gentlemen have been working hard on the disposal of Czechoslovak film. 19.2.1971 / Pavel Juráček”[^5][/quote]
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322 / Dušan Hanák, Jan Meisner, 1969.
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[^1]:Vratislav Hlavatý for the Czech Radio Interview / 29.3.2013
[^2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival
[^3]:Albert Marenčín / Golden Sixties, TV document, dir. Martin Šulík, 2009. (Albert Marenčín / artist, writer, surrealist and former director of one of the artistic group of film producers in Slovakia (Produced also Sun in the Net). He was very much responsible for pulling Slovak young film directors to studios in Bratislava)
[^4]:Zdeněk Ziegler for the Czech Radio Interview / 15.5.2013.
[^5]:The Key for Determining Dwarfs or The Last Travel of Lemuel Gulliver, dir. Martin Šulík, 2002.
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Additional research:
Literature:
Flashback / Czech and Slovak Film Posters 1959-1989, ed. Libor Gronský, Marek Perůtka, Michal Soukup, Olomouc Museum of Art, 2004.
Elo Havetta (1938-1975) / Václav Macek, SFÚ, 1990.
Movie poster shown on the picture above has been seen previously in one of our articles on History of Poster Design in Czechoslovakia. It did not stop us from refreshing the memory as we are strongly effected by its expressiveness. Jean Gabin‘s common impression for every French born was broken into uncertainty. Divided into parallel fields as in the rhythm similar to main theme of that phenomenal soundtrack composed by Serge Gainsbourg. Music moves on as we can see even on the letters, one can hear the most peculiar sounds.
Mysterious poster for Georges Lautner‘s film is hiding one extra mystery and that is the poster designer himself. Jaromír Bradáč remains the one, or at least for now. You can count number of his film posters on your left hand and that’s about everything we could track on this fantastic graphic designer. Hopefully the future will show some more light about him, as we believe five film posters is not everything he did.
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A Study About Women, film poster by Jaromír Bradáč, 1968.
